Badhwar, G. D. Shuttle Radiation Dose Measurements in the International Space Station Orbits. Radiat. Res. 157, 69–75 (2002).

The International Space Station (ISS) is now a reality with the start of a permanent human presence on board. Radiation presents a serious risk to the health and safety of the astronauts, and there is a clear requirement for estimating their exposures prior to and after flights. Predictions of the dose rate at times other than solar minimum or solar maximum have not been possible, because there has been no method to calculate the trapped-particle spectrum at intermediate times. Over the last few years, a tissue-equivalent proportional counter (TEPC) has been flown at a fixed mid-deck location on board the Space Shuttle in 51.65° inclination flights. These flights have provided data that cover the expected changes in the dose rates due to changes in altitude and changes in solar activity from the solar minimum to the solar maximum of the current 23rd solar cycle. Based on these data, a simple function of the solar deceleration potential has been derived that can be used to predict the galactic cosmic radiation (GCR) dose rates to within ±10%. For altitudes to be covered by the ISS, the dose rate due to the trapped particles is found to be a power-law function, ρ^−2/3, of the atmospheric density, ρ. This relationship can be used to predict trapped dose rates inside these spacecraft to ±10% throughout the solar cycle. Thus, given the shielding distribution for a location inside the Space Shuttle or inside an ISS module, this approach can be used to predict the combined GCR trapped dose rate to better than ±15% for quiet solar conditions.